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1. Genome sequencing determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome, identifying the order of bases (A, T, C, G). It provides insights into genetic makeup. Gene editing, using tools like CRISPR-Cas9 and Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), allows precise modification of genetic material. Gene sequencing identifies the genetic composition, while gene editing directly alters DNA sequences. Sequencing methods include the clone-by-clone approach and the whole-genome shotgun approach. Applications of genome sequencing include tracing the origin of epidemics, monitoring disease spread, enabling personalized healthcare treatments, enhancing agricultural resilience, and contributing to evolutionary studies. This technology supports disease prevention, targeted treatments, and understanding genetic diversity and historical migrations.
2. Satellite-based communication involves using orbiting satellites to transmit and receive data globally, serving critical roles in radio, TV, and military communications where terrestrial networks are insufficient. In India, Satcom services await operationalization due to pending government bandwidth allocations. Despite technological readiness, like Reliance Jio's pending gigabit internet service, regulatory approvals are pivotal. Targeting both consumers and enterprises, Satcom faces challenges such as high setup costs and specialized antenna requirements, limiting mainstream device integration and affordability. Future growth hinges on regulatory clearances, technological advancements, and cost reduction efforts, with new entrants like Project Kuiper poised to intensify competition and innovation in the market.
3. The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Sensex, India's key stock market index, reached a historic milestone by surpassing 80,000 points on July 4, 2024, hitting an intraday peak of 80,074. This achievement marks a significant rise as the Sensex has doubled in value over the past five years, a stark contrast to the 12 years it took to climb from 20,000 to 40,000. The Sensex, launched in 1982, tracks the performance of the 30 largest and most actively traded companies listed on the BSE, reflecting investor sentiment and economic cycles in India. It serves as a critical benchmark for analysts and investors alike, alongside the Nifty 50 index on the National Stock Exchange (NSE), which tracks 50 large-cap stocks.
4. The Chief Justice of India (CJI) highlighted the necessity for additional Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) benches to accommodate India's expanding financial markets and transactions during the inauguration of new SAT premises in Mumbai. Stressing the urgency of filling SAT vacancies promptly, the CJI underscored that a robust legal framework with efficient dispute resolution mechanisms is crucial for bolstering investor confidence in India's business environment. Established under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992, SAT adjudicates appeals against rulings by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Comprising a Presiding Officer and two members, SAT's jurisdiction also extends to appeals concerning the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) and the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI).
5. A recent study using data from NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has challenged conventional theories by suggesting that spiral galaxies may have formed earlier in the universe's history than previously thought. Contrary to existing beliefs, which posited that spiral galaxies evolved later from irregularly shaped galaxies, the study identified a significant presence of spiral galaxies between 3 billion to 7 billion years after the Big Bang. This period saw a notable increase in the proportion of galaxies with distinct spiral structures, from about 8% to 48%. These findings could potentially revise our understanding of galaxy evolution timelines and the conditions necessary for star formation and the development of earth-like planets within spiral galaxies.