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1. SEBI has broadened the promoter definition for companies seeking initial public offerings (IPOs). Founders holding a combined 10% stake, serving as key managerial personnel or directors, will now be categorized as promoters. Additionally, immediate relatives of these promoters, serving on the company board or as key personnel, or holding 10% or more shares, directly or indirectly, will also fall under the promoter classification. Once designated as part of the promoter group, it is challenging to be reclassified as a public shareholder due to Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements (LODR) Regulation 31A. This move aims to clarify and standardize the identification of promoters in IPO processes.
2. Russia has delivered the initial shipment of 26 turbine hall pipeline valves, comprising high-pressure and low-pressure gate valves, for reactors 5 and 6 of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project (KNNP). These valves play a crucial role in tightly shutting off fluid or gas flow to ensure the system's reliable operation. Kudankulam currently operates 2 x 1,000 MWe WWER reactors, with an additional 4 reactors of similar capacity being constructed. WWER stands for "Water-Water Power Reactor," utilizing water both as a coolant and moderator for nuclear reactions that generate energy. Jointly modernized by Russia's Rosatom and India's Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), Kudankulam is India’s largest nuclear power plant. It represents India’s first use of imported Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) technology, with construction commencing in 2002 and expected full operational capacity by 2027. As of 2022-23, nuclear power contributed approximately 2.8% to India's total electricity generation.
3. Recent research indicates that approximately 100 million years ago, placental mammals developed brown fat as an adaptation to survive in cold environments, and this specialized fat evolved uniquely in modern placental mammals. Placental mammals, which exclude marsupials and monotremes, constitute one of the three primary groups of living mammals. Marsupials are characterized as pouched mammals that give live birth but have shorter gestation periods compared to placental mammals. They exhibit significant structural diversity, ranging from small, four-footed species like the marsupial mole to large, two-legged kangaroos. Marsupials, diverging from placental mammals around 120-180 million years ago, possess a less advanced form of brown fat compared to their placental counterparts. Brown fat, also known as brown adipose tissue (BAT), is a highly specialized organ system designed to regulate body temperature by burning fat and sugars to generate heat. The metabolic properties of brown fat have potential implications for managing conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders.
4. Cold lava, also known as lahar, is a volcanic phenomenon characterized by the mixture of rainwater with volcanic materials such as ash, sand, and pebbles. Unlike normal lava, which is molten rock, cold lava forms a concrete-like substance when these materials mix. Lahars primarily flow along river valleys at speeds reaching up to 75-80 kilometers per hour or faster. They are associated with stratovolcanoes, which have layered deposits on their flanks. Formation of cold lava (lahar) can occur independently of volcanic eruptions, often triggered by heavy rainfall or landslides on volcanoes covered in loose volcanic material. They can also result from volcanic eruptions melting snow and ice or mixing pyroclastic flows with water. Lahars are denser and more abrasive than normal lava, making them more destructive. They can incorporate additional debris and water as they travel, significantly increasing their volume and destructive potential. In contrast, normal lava consists solely of molten rock from beneath the Earth's surface. It flows at various temperatures and solidifies upon cooling, forming igneous rock formations. Mud volcanoes, on the other hand, erupt mud, water, and gases, but they are not driven by magmatic activity and do not produce lava. They range in size and are distinct from traditional volcanic eruptions in their mechanism and substance expelled.